The Renewable Energy: Environmentally Friendly Algae Biofuel
Abstract
Due to the limited availability of fossil fuels and the continuous increase in world energy demand, it will lead to an energy crisis in the future. The use of these energetic resources is responsible for the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that is associated with several adverse effects on the environment. Therefore, it is worth to search for different energy supplies that are renewable and environmentally friendly energy fuel. The alternative fuel is biodiesel, and its primary sources are oil seeds, used cooking oil, algae. Among which microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that can achieve high oil contents. This oil is suitable for producing biodiesel; thus, microalgae are considered a promising sustainable energetic resource that can reduce the dependence of fossil fuel. Biodiesel production from microalgae includes several steps, such as cell cultivation and harvesting, oil extraction, and biodiesel synthesis. Biodiesel is usually used by blending with Petro diesel, but it can also use in pure form. Biodiesel is a sustainable fuel, as it can be produced throughout the year and can run an engine with certain modifications. It can satisfy the needs and can also meet the demands of the future generation to come.
References
A. V Herzog, T. E. Lipman, and D. M. Kammen, “Renewable energy sources,” Encycl. life Support Syst. (EOLSS). Forerunn. Vol. Overv. life Support Syst. Sustain. Dev., vol. 76, 2001.
G. Kutas, C. Lindberg, and R. Steenblik, Biofuels--at what Cost?: Government Support for Ethanol and Biodiesel in the European Union. International Institute for Sustainable Development Geneva, 2007.
R. H. Howeler, “Recent trends in production and utilization of cassava in Asia,” Cassava Handb., pp. 1–22, 2012.
A. P. Vrancken, “Sugar Palm: A Novel Bio-Ethanol Feedstock.” 2014.
A. H. Scragg, Biofuels: production, application and development. Cabi, 2009.
L. Schipper, S. Meyers, and R. Steiner, Energy efficiency and human activity: past trends, future prospects, no. 1. Cambridge University Press, 1992.
M. A. Borowitzka and N. R. Moheimani, Algae for biofuels and energy, vol. 5. Springer, 2013.
W. J. Nuttall and D. L. Manz, “A new energy security paradigm for the twenty-first century,” Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, vol. 75, no. 8, pp. 1247–1259, 2008.
A. M. Omer, “Energy, environment and sustainable development,” Renew. Sustain. energy Rev., vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 2265–2300, 2008.
M. Harvey and S. Pilgrim, “The new competition for land: Food, energy, and climate change,” Food Policy, vol. 36, pp. S40–S51, 2011.
Z. Du et al., “Catalytic pyrolysis of microalgae and their three major components: carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 130, pp. 777–782, 2013.
A. Kleinová, Z. Cvengrošová, J. Rimarčík, E. Buzetzki, J. Mikulec, and J. Cvengroš, “Biofuels from algae,” Procedia Eng., vol. 42, pp. 231–238, 2012.
H. A. Alalwan, A. H. Alminshid, and H. A. S. Aljaafari, “Promising evolution of biofuel generations. Subject review,” Renew. Energy Focus, vol. 28, pp. 127–139, 2019.
M. C. Rulli, D. Bellomi, A. Cazzoli, G. De Carolis, and P. D’Odorico, “The water-land-food nexus of first-generation biofuels,” Sci. Rep., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2016.
M. A. Martin, “First generation biofuels compete,” N. Biotechnol., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 596–608, 2010.
T. R. I. Prartono, M. Kawaroe, D. W. Sari, and D. Augustine, “Fatty acid content of Indonesian aquatic microalgae,” HAYATI J. Biosci., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 196–200, 2010.
M. A. Borowitzka, “Microalgae for aquaculture: opportunities and constraints,” J. Appl. Phycol., vol. 9, no. 5, p. 393, 1997.
M. A. Borowitzka and N. R. Moheimani, “Sustainable biofuels from algae,” Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 13–25, 2013.
P. Sze, A Biology of the Algae. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, 1993.
Y. Shen, W. Yuan, Z. Pei, and E. Mao, “Culture of microalga Botryococcus in livestock wastewater,” Trans. ASABE, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 1395–1400, 2008.
A. Banerjee, R. Sharma, Y. Chisti, and U. C. Banerjee, “Botryococcus braunii: a renewable source of hydrocarbons and other chemicals,” Crit. Rev. Biotechnol., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 245–279, 2002.
S. R. Lyon, H. Ahmadzadeh, and M. A. Murry, “Algae-based wastewater treatment for biofuel production: processes, species, and extraction methods,” in Biomass and biofuels from microalgae, Springer, 2015, pp. 95–115.
S. P. Singh and P. Singh, “Effect of temperature and light on the growth of algae species: a review,” Renew. Sustain. energy Rev., vol. 50, pp. 431–444, 2015.
M. Ras, J.-P. Steyer, and O. Bernard, “Temperature effect on microalgae: a crucial factor for outdoor production,” Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio/Technology, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 153–164, 2013.
I. R. Davison, “Environmental effects on algal photosynthesis: temperature,” J. Phycol., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 2–8, 1991.
A. L. Gonçalves, J. C. M. Pires, and M. Simoes, “Biodiesel from microalgal oil extraction,” in Green Materials for Energy, Products and Depollution, Springer, 2013, pp. 1–25.
T. M. Mata, A. A. Martins, and N. S. Caetano, “Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: a review,” Renew. Sustain. energy Rev., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 217–232, 2010.
P. Mercer and R. E. Armenta, “Developments in oil extraction from microalgae,” Eur. J. lipid Sci. Technol., vol. 113, no. 5, pp. 539–547, 2011.
M. Goettel, C. Eing, C. Gusbeth, R. Straessner, and W. Frey, “Pulsed electric field assisted extraction of intracellular valuables from microalgae,” Algal Res., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 401–408, 2013.
G. S. Araujo et al., “Extraction of lipids from microalgae by ultrasound application: prospection of the optimal extraction method,” Ultrason. Sonochem., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 95–98, 2013.
T. Dharmaprabhakaran, S. Karthikeyan, M. Periyasamy, and G. Mahendran, “Algal biodiesel-promising source to power CI engines,” Mater. Today Proc., 2020.
M. El-Sheekh and A. Abomohra, “Biodiesel production from Microalgae,” Ind. Microbiol. Microbes Action, Garg, N., Aeron, A.(Eds.). New York, Nov. Sci. Publ., pp. 355–366, 2016.
M. J. Haas, G. J. Piazza, and T. A. Foglia, “Enzymatic approaches to the production of biodiesel fuels,” Lipid Biotechnol., vol. 29, pp. 587–598, 2002.
A. E. Ghaly, D. Dave, M. S. Brooks, and S. Budge, “Production of biodiesel by enzymatic transesterification,” Am J Biochem Biotechnol, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 54–76, 2010.
G. Huang, F. Chen, D. Wei, X. Zhang, and G. Chen, “Biodiesel production by microalgal biotechnology,” Appl. Energy, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 38–46, 2010.
J. Van Gerpen, B. Shanks, R. Pruszko, D. Clements, and G. Knothe, “Biodiesel Production Technology. Subcontractor Report National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL,” SR-510-36244, July, 2004.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Copyright of the published article belongs to the authors and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY SA) International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See the Effect of Open Access).
